Current theoretical treatment of mode splitting and scattering loss resultingfrom sub-wavelength scatterers attached to the surface of high-quality-factorwhispering-gallery-mode microresonators is not satisfactory. Different modelshave been proposed for two distinct scatterer regimes, i.e., a-few- andmany-scatterers. In addition, many experimental results seem difficult tounderstand within the existing theoretical framework. Here we develop a unifiedapproach that applies to an arbitrary number of scatterers, which reveals theapplicable conditions and the limits of the existing theoretical models.Moreover, many new understandings on mode splitting and scattering loss havebeen achieved, which are supported by numerical and experimental evidences.Such a unified approach is essential for the fundamental studies as well as thepractical applications of mode splitting and scattering loss inhigh-quality-factor whispering-gallery-mode microresonators.
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